【日中戦争】257 国家総動員法と戦時体制の強化【日本史】

【日中戦争】257 国家総動員法と戦時体制の強化【日本史】

Hello everyone. This time it’s about the State General Mobilization Law. War before World War I was a battle between soldiers and soldiers. However, after World War I, wars became battles in which all citizens participated. The Second Sino-Japanese War was a war that occurred after World War I.

Therefore, Japan had to involve all its citizens in the war. This led to the creation of the State General Mobilization Law. This video is about how Japan forced all its citizens to participate in the war. So let’s start with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. July 7, 1937.

When the Marco Polo Bridge incident occurred, Japan did not consider it important. Similar incidents had occurred before, and Japan believed that if they were punished a little, China would surrender. However, contrary to expectations, China stubbornly resisted. The battle affected Shanghai as well, and the Second Sino-Japanese War continued to grow.

Of course that’s not a good situation. At the time, Japan needed to prepare for a battle with the Soviet Union in the north, and had no time to worry about China in the south. However, once Japanese soldiers began moving south, the defenses in the north became weaker.

In this way, Japan wanted to perfect its war system in order to end the war quickly. A war system is a system that can withstand war. The most recent major war was World War I. From this war, wars using machines such as tanks and airplanes began.

In other words, war requires the mass production of machines. This requires industrial power, technological power, and labor power. It was the people living in Japan who became the labor force and mass-produced the machines. In other words, the war system is for the Japanese people to cooperate with the war with all their might.

It was a State General Mobilization Law that concentrated all the power of the nation on war. The ideal, of course, is for the people to cooperate in the war effort. The ideal would be for Japan to create an atmosphere in which the people themselves could mass-produce machines such as airplanes.

However, the people’s family workers were taken away by the unprecedented mass mobilization to the front. The public was not very supportive of the war as there were many casualties. Moreover, the government started the Second Sino-Japanese War with the logic of punishing China, which was violent and unethical.

Because the objectives were too vague, it was difficult to create an atmosphere in which the people voluntarily cooperated in the war effort. Therefore, the government tried to check and control the people and create a system that would support the war throughout the country.

Its control extended not only to the people but also to the economy. I will talk about control over the people and control over the economy in that order. First, let’s talk about control over the people.

Since the people are not very enthusiastic about war, the government has no choice but to take the lead in controlling the people. The government began a campaign to turn the people’s minds toward war. It is a National Spiritual Mobilization Movement. This is the content of the movement.

Mobilized meetings of local governments and retired military personnel. Mobilized women’s meetings and youth meetings. An order to go to a shrine to pray for victory. An order was given to hold a memorial service for the fallen soldiers. The content is intended to heighten the nation’s war mood.

In addition, the government forced citizens to visit those who lost family members in the war and to see off soldiers going off to war. The government then spread an atmosphere of war into the lives of the people. Next is economic control.

The first and most obvious method is to force the people to make donations or purchase public bonds, and then use that money to expand military equipment. This allowed the government to recover the money and also had the effect of making the people aware that they were participating in the war.

A more direct method would have been to halt imports of non-essential goods on the grounds that importing them is a waste of money. The government then decided to prioritize the use of war materials such as iron and gunpowder for war-related industries, and invested funds in military industries.

The Planning Board was established as the people and the economy became more focused on the war. I explained a little about Planning Board in a previous video. The Cabinet Research Bureau, which was originally set up during the OKADA cabinet, became a planning agency to promote industrial planning.

I also explained that it merged with the Resources Bureau, which was responsible for managing the supply and demand of supplies, to form the Planning Board. From then on, the control of the people and economy was planned under this Planning Board, and Japan’s general mobilization system was rapidly established.

Then, the State General Mobilization Law was enacted. The State General Mobilization Law was a law that allowed the government to mobilize all people and things in the country. If the government thinks it is time to build ships, it can allocate resources such as iron to shipbuilding.

Or they can be allocated to airplanes if the government thinks they should be built. Not only that, but the law also allowed the government to mobilize citizens to work if it thought there was a shortage of workers.

Incidentally, such mobilization by the government could be carried out by order from the Emperor of Japan without the need for parliamentary approval or legislation. It’s like Congress doesn’t even exist. Naturally, political parties such as the Rikken Seiyūkai and the Constitutional Democratic Party opposed it.

They strongly opposed it, saying it would infringe on Congress’ legislative powers and deny a liberal capitalist economy. However, due to strong pressure from the army, political parties reluctantly agreed to the idea. The State General Mobilization Law was enacted with the order that they should not abuse it.

However, since then, imperial orders based on the State General Mobilization Law have been issued one after another. As a result, the reason for the existence of Congress disappeared, and the lives of the people were greatly affected. This enabled the government to fully mobilize materials and labor for the war effort.

According to the general material mobilization plan drawn up by the Planning Board, materials and funds were allocated intensively to the military industry. Even though the factory operated at full capacity day and night, production could not keep up.

They no longer have to worry about sales; they just need to run their factories at full capacity. The military industries were controlled by conglomerates such as MITSUI and MITSUBISHI. Among ships, the battleship YAMATO was followed by the battleship MUSASHI.

As for airplanes, a prototype of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, commonly known as the Zero, was built. In this way, the military industry achieved tremendous development. However, in contrast to large corporations such as chaebol, most small and medium-sized enterprises were in dire straits.

Civil goods used by the people in their daily lives and rice produced in agriculture were regulated. Furthermore, even information such as newspapers and radio was controlled. Finally, let’s take a look at how people’s lives were restricted. First, let’s talk about civilian goods.

Under the State General Mobilization Law, the military was given priority over the people when it came to the medical care and food that the people used in their daily lives. Furthermore, labor for medical and food production was concentrated in the military industry.

As a result, many companies were forced to suspend operations or go bankrupt. The production, import, and consumption of civilian goods were subject to severe restrictions. Sugar, matches, charcoal, rice, and medical care were all subject to a ticket system or rationing system. The manufacture and sale of luxury goods was also restricted.

Under the slogan, “luxury is the enemy,” people’s lives were curtailed in every aspect. Next, let’s talk about agriculture. Men who supported families were conscripted into the military as soldiers or mobilized to work in the military industry as labor. Naturally, only the elderly, women, and children remain in the house.

As young people in their prime of life were taken from farming families, rice production naturally decreased. Moreover, the factories that had been making chemical fertilizers had been converted to factories that made explosives, so they were no longer able to obtain fertilizers.

As a result, rice production further decreased and food shortages began to occur. Troubled by this, the government decided to forcibly purchase rice and set the price. Controls were also imposed on agriculture. Finally, about information. Newspapers, radio, and movies were used to propagate and intensify the war against the people.

The Alliance News Agency was established by newspaper companies from all over the country and the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. The government began controlling information through this company. How was it? You can now understand how the atmosphere of war permeated the Japanese people. The previous video was about diplomacy during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

This video was about the domestic situation during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Twice in a row the contents were away from the fight. In the next installment, I will explain the continuation of the battles in the Second Sino-Japanese War.

So, the next video will be about the Battle of Xuzhou and the Battle of Wuhan and Canton Operation. See you in the next video. Book version of YOUTUBE High School. Composition related to videos. Photos, maps, and illustrations.

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〇目次
00:00 概要
00:43 日中戦争
01:32 国家総動員体制
02:13 政府による統制
03:05 国民への統制
03:53 経済の統制
04:33 企画院
05:07 国家総動員法
05:50 反対運動
06:26 軍需産業
07:06 統制
07:30 民需品
08:13 農業
08:56 情報
09:16 おわりに

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国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション
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