LA VIDA EN EL IMPERIO MONGOL: Sociedad, castigos, historia, guerreros y más

LA VIDA EN EL IMPERIO MONGOL: Sociedad, castigos, historia, guerreros y más

The Mongol Empire dominated Asia from the Black Sea to the Korean Peninsula after the initial conquests of its founder Genghis Khan. The first great khan or universal ruler, Genghis forged the Empire by uniting the nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a

Devastatingly effective army. based on light and highly coordinated fast cavalry expert horsemen and archers the mongols proved unstoppable defeating armies in iran russia eastern europe china and many other places the descendants of henis ruled a part of the

Empire the four khanates the most powerful of which was the Yuan Mongol dynasty in China established by Kubla Kh Although not famous for creating lasting architectural wonders or political institutions the Mongols made a significant contribution to the world culture of Finally connecting the Eastern and Western worlds through

Expanded trade routes diplomatic embassies and the movement of Missionaries and travelers from Eurasia to the Far East in the year 1206 when Temu Yin son of Jesu Gei was elected henis k a Federation of tribes on the banks of the Onon River should be considered the beginning of the Mongol Empire before 1206

Henhiskan was only one of The tribal leaders who fought for supremacy in the steppe regions south and southeast of Lake Baical however their victories over the Kereit and then the Naiman Turks gave them undisputed authority over all of what is now

Mongolia the first attack between 1205 in 1209 It was directed against the Tangut kingdom of Sisia, a border state in northeastern China, and ended in a declaration of allegiance by the King Siia. A later campaign was directed at northern China, which at the time was ruled by the

Tungushik dynasty. The fall of Beijing in 1215. marked the loss of everything north of Hwuange. During the following years the Yin Empire was reduced to the role of an intermediate state between the Mongols in the north and the Chinese empire in the south. Other campaigns were launched against

Central Asia in 1218. of Kakit in eastern Turkistan was absorbed by the Empire the murder of Genghis Khan’s Muslim subjects by the Kwarezmias led to a war with the Kwaremz sultanate in western Turkistan Bukara, Samarkand and the capital Urgench were taken and plundered by armies Mongols advanced troops They even penetrated southern

Russia and raided cities in Crimea. The once prosperous region of Quems suffered for centuries from the effects of the Mongol invasion that caused the destruction of the most prosperous cities in 1227. Mongol dominions extended over the vast regions between the caspian

And china seas bordered to the north by the sparsely populated forest belt of siberia and to the south by the pamirs the tiber and the central plains of china this empire contained a multitude of different peoples religions and civilizations the astonishing military achievements of the Mongols

Under Genghis Khan and his Successors were due to superior strategies and tactics rather than numerical strength. The Mongol armies were composed mainly of cavalry, which provided them with a high degree of mobility and speed. Their movements and maneuvers were directed by signals and a Well-organized courier service in battle

Relied mainly on bows and arrows and resorted to hand-to-hand fighting only after having disorganized the enemy’s ranks. Mongol weapons and tactics were more suitable for open plains than for mountainous and forested regions for the seal of walled cities they frequently obtained assistance from craftsmen and engineers from

Technically advanced conquered peoples such as Chinese, Persians and Arabs. Another factor that contributed to the overwhelming success of their expeditions was the skillful use of spies and propaganda. Before attacking they often asked for voluntary surrender and offered peace if this was accepted the population was forgiven however

If resistance had to be overcome they proceeded without mercy sparing only those whose abilities were considered useful in the case of voluntary surrender tribesmen or soldiers often joined Mongol forces and were treated as federates The Mongol armies therefore often consisted of only a minority of

Ethnic Mongols during the early stages of Mongol supremacy The Empire established by Henis absorbed civilizations in which a strong unified and well-organized state power had developed however the social organization of the Mongols was characterized by pastoralism and a decentralized clan system in the early phases of the conquest the Mongols

Generally attempted to impose the social structure of the steppes on their new subjects it was the custom of the Mongols to enslave a conquered tribe these slaves became sooner or later in an integral part of the conquering tribe in the conquered areas

A similar procedure was adopted groups of the established population Generally those living in a certain territory became the personal property of the Mongol military leaders who exploited the local economic forces as they wanted No use was made of the existing state machinery or bureaucracy and the old political divisions were

Completely ignored, nor was there any attempt to organize the numerous local Mongol leaders who enjoyed a high degree of independence from the royal court and the desired exploitation under Strong military pressure was therefore characteristic of the first phase of Mongol domination which is said to have lasted until about 1234, some 7

Years after the death of Genghis Khan. Central power rested in the dog who was assisted by military and political advisors. The highly hierarchical military organization of the Mongols did not have a political or administrative counterpart, however the influence of the councilors who

Were appointed by the dog regardless of their nationality was great. Other councilors were Uyghurs and for some time the Uyghur language was used both in the chancellery. The majority of the Mongol population were nomadic shepherds who lived in portable GSs and

Moved with their flocks of sheep, goats, horses and camels. Their lifestyle was strongly influenced by the harsh climatic conditions of the steppes of Central Asia. They followed a seasonal migration pattern looking for pastures for their animals. However, the Mongols who settled in the conquered territories, especially in urban centers, adapted

To more sedentary lifestyles. These Mongols, along with the diverse populations of the empire, including artisan merchants and farmers, represented a more varied social fabric cities under Mongol rule such as Baghdad, Samarkand and Calik became melting pots of different cultures where various ethnic groups coexisted and contributed to the

Local economy and society. Women in the Mongol Empire had more freedoms than their contemporaries in other countries. societies were involved in the management of the family and even participated in the decision-making processes within the tribe some Mongol women especially those from elite backgrounds played important roles

In politics and government as the Mongols were a nomadic people all They had to know how to ride well and use the bow to marry, in the same way men and women used to be able to carry out each other’s tasks since if one died the survivor of the society had

To continue and take care of the family and their flocks. Women were responsible for setting up and packing the camps, placing tents and family belongings in the carts they normally drove, and in addition to packing pack animals such as camels and horses,

There was a dedicated space inside the yurt for men and women. the first had the west side and the second the east side where cooking was done the location of the yurts in an ordu camp was important in the imperial and larger camps where the eldest wife had the

Tent closest to the west the youngest wife to the east and the concubines, children and servants, a little behind, the women made butter cheese and made the milk curds while only the men milked mares and produced the alcoholic beverages that were so popular. The sheep

The most numerous and valuable of the main animals of the Mongols provided food, clothing and shelter for families. Boiled lamb was an integral part of the Mongolian diet and wool and animal skins were the materials with which the Mongols made their clothing

. As their homes, the wool was pressed into felt and then made into clothing, rugs and blankets, or used for the outer covering of the Gerts, although the Mongols used wood and currently also coal as a fuel source. Animal dung was often the Most available source Traditionally Mongolian marriages were intended to cement

Clan relationships and strengthen alliances Men paid the bride price to their future father-in-law or offered work as an alternative in the more elegant pre-arranged marriages The future bride usually brought a dowry with her Composed of valuable items such as livestock,

Jewelry, cloth, servants and possibly slaves, the dowry could be paid over several years and usually the dowry remained the property of the wife and was distributed upon her death among her children. In cases of adultery both the Both men and women were executed. Mongol society

Was patrilineal and polygamy was common among those men who could afford to have multiple wives and concubines. However, a wife was always selected as the eldest his sons would inherit the property and position of their father. Within the tribe, the religion of the Mongols did not have sacred texts or particular ceremonies but

Was rather a mixture of animism, ancestor worship and shamanism, the elements of fire, earth and water, impressive geographical sites such as mountains and mountains, were considered. Natural phenomena possess spirits. It was thought that shamans , who could be both men and women, could communicate with

These spirits in a state of trance and travel through their world, helping to find lost souls and divine future events. Other religions were present among the Mongols, such as Tibetan Buddhism. which from the 14th century onwards became popular perhaps thanks to its

Shamanic elements, blood is a big problem in the history of Mongolia, according to Mongolian traditions, shedding blood on the ground when killing or being killed would make the victim not exist in his version of the afterlife the person who died would not be allowed to become an

Ancestor in essence they would become nothing if royal blood was shed it was believed that precede terrible natural disasters due to this belief as the Mongols expanded their territory they found ways inventive and Terrible ways of executing rulers who opposed them or even occasional people who were considered destructive

To the royal family trampled by horses one of the ways employed by the Mongols was used by the grandson of henhiskan uleg who while sacking Baghdad The Caliph killed Mustasinto with horses. Now contemporary historians of the time have

Different stories. Historian Atam Juvin states that he was run over and beaten to death with his fists instead of horses. The blood must not have been spilled because Uleg was able to govern with certainty . The Khanate was successful until his death in 1283. Another way in which the Mongols dispatched

An enemy was much more gruesome. Tegen Katun was the successor to Henhiskan Hode Khan. She assumed power after the death of her husband and elevated him to her slave a woman named Fatima to a position in the Mongol government Torege would rule with her confidant at her

Side much to the chagrin of her sons who felt they should have been elevated above a slave it would be her own son Guyuk who would inevitably remove her from power the Fatima’s ordeal was public and much worse after days of interrogations beatings and

Burnings to prove that she had bewitched Torege Fatima’s orifices were sewn and wrapped with felt to ensure the blood did not touch the ground after this she was thrown into a river while she was still alive the hope was to keep her bodily fluids contained within

Of his body so as not to contaminate the river wrestling to death the executions of fellow Mongols also followed very specific and bloodless practices for a Mongol to wish to spill the blood of another Mongol the offense had to be so serious that they did not want this person to exist

Beyond of death one of the most popular bloodless executions was the wrestling match this would provide a symbolic element of self-defense for the criminal or even some type of spiritual intervention to tell one’s destiny but in the end it was always

Premeditated after a few moments the person would be lifted into the air and their back broken when struck Generally on the knee of the executioner or on a nearby rock in many cases the body was left where it fell as a form of open-air burial essentially returning it

To the Earth confined in a box Even in the modern era Mongolia’s prisons are known for their harsh conditions and cruel witnesses Although the nation has developed somewhat since it ceased to be a Soviet satellite state in the early 1990s

Its prison system is still Caught in the mists of time today the poorest members of society are mistreated with long sentences handed down for seemingly minor crimes Mongolia is still filled with detention centers designed for people awaiting trial The problem is that these facilities are even more dangerous than normal prisons

For criminals in 1918 Roy chatman andrews visited urga mongolia and went to the town jail what he found became the stuff of legend andrew was shocked to discover that the inmates were indeed trapped in coffins the prisoners were put in wooden boxes measuring

One by one and a half meters kept in the dark dungeons of Urga the prison was surrounded by sharp edges and the captives received food through a hole in the box the rations they received were meager to say the least and their human waste They were washed every two or three weeks

The cells were so small that the prisoners could not lie down or sit properly and to make matters worse they were handcuffed these boxes were supposedly for people awaiting execution but a high percentage of them died in their prefabricated restraints. Temperatures in

Urga drop below zero in winter, so it was common for inmates to die from the cold. If they lived long enough, their limbs atrophy due to lack of movement. Crushing. An example of this practice occurred in 1223 when one of the most effective generals of the Kh Subutai. defeated

A force led by princes of kiep the Mongols were again enraged and felt their honor was tarnished by the double-dealing princes who had previously executed their emissaries suing for peace this time the bloodless death of the Mongols took this form they built a huge wooden platform The Princes lay beneath the structure

While the generals danced and ate a huge feast on top while The Princes were crushed to death the same henhiskan ordered a captured Tangut ruler to be renamed Loyalist churk before being crushed so that his spirit would have been forced to

Serve the Mongols in the afterlife molten silver having unified the tribes the first great step was to subjugate the northern Chinese empire of jin while undertaking this enterprise henhiskan sent a trade caravan of 500 men to the empire of quems to establish links the commercial Caravan

Was sacked by the governor of the city of Otar And although the peace had been unstable the Mongols had no intention of attacking but this action angered them in 1219 their mobile army on horseback broke into Lent in 2 years the 200 year old Empire had been wiped off the

Map and 25% of its population had been put to the sword when the Mongols captured Inal Chuk who was a member of the royal family and found a method of execution that they deemed suitable for his crimes against them. without breaking their rules of bloodshed they poured

Molten silver into his eyes and ears to reward him for his greed and mock his obsession with Wealth The economy of the conquered areas was not properly organized during the period of conquest there was no single financial system for the entire Empire or even for much

Of it and they were, at least in the early phase of Mongol rule, detrimental to economic progress and prosperity the Mongol Empire was not yet under Henis and his Successors H state in the normal sense of the word but a large agglomeration of very

Different territories held together by military domination the Empire was considered not to be the Can’s own personal but the inheritance of the entire Imperial clan already in Henis’s lifetime The Empire was divided among his four favorite sons in ulus a Mongol word denoting supremacy

Over a certain number of tribes rather than a clearly defined territory tolui the youngest received the eastern part the original homeland of the Mongols along with the recumbent parts of northern China hodei became ruler of the western part of the steppes

Modern northern chin Jan and western mongolia shatai received the lands of karak kitai the eldest son hoochi followed His son Batu ruled over southwestern Siberia and western Turkistan an area later known as the territory of the Golden Horde to these four Mongol empires

A fifth was added when Uleg a son of Tolui completed the conquest of Iran Iraq and Syria and became the founder of the IL Canet dynasty in Iran Ogodei Khan further consolidated the Mongol state apparatus by appointing members of the imperial bodyguards and ministers

As regional governors, conducting a census and imposing an appropriate tax system in 1235 he was selected a karakorum capital in mongolia in terms of conquests ogodei continued where his predecessor had left off and with the help of the talented general subutai known as one of

The four hounds of the Khan he campaigned against the yin in 1230 the yin capital of Kaifen fell in 1233 and The campaign of 1234 brought about the complete and final collapse of the Yin State. Korea was

Repeatedly raided in this period. It also seemed that only the death of Hodi in 1241 saved Europe from further raids as the Mongol leaders were forced to return to Karakorum to elect. a new can the next two khs would be guyu kh and monk kang But it would be kublai Grandson of

Henis who showed the greatest ambition and Who took the Mongol conquests to a whole new level the year of kublai’s accession to the Throne marks a turning point in the history of the Mongol Empire in theory kublai was like great kh the ruler of an empire that extended from

China and Korea to Iran and southern Russia but the diversity of the subjugated countries made itself felt more and more kulay came to consider himself himself as a Chinese emperor more than anything else in 1271 He declared himself the emperor of China and his new order the yuan dynasty which

Means origin or center kulay who proved to be as capable an administrator as he was a conqueror he organized his enormous state into 12 provinces and He promoted trade through beneficial taxes for merchants, encouraging paper money and improving road and canal networks for better transportation of goods. However, Kublai was not satisfied

And launched two attacks against Japan in 1274 and 1281, both of which would fail. as a result of local resistance to srima and terrible storms that The Japanese would call kamikase or divine winds undeterred kulai launched attacks in Southeast Asia with invasions of Vietnam in

1257 1281 and 1286 Burma 1277 and Jaa 1292 with all achieving only mixed results it seemed that the Mongol Empire had reached its Zenith and the 10th century would now only see a decline from 1260 the Empire had become a Federation of Khanates under the increasingly

Theoretical suzerainty of the Great Cam frequently at odds with each other in Central Asia after a of expansion began its decline with the death of Kaidu in 1301, while Turkey and Islamization of the Russians divided into several khanates that were progressively absorbed

By the Russian Empire to the west, the Kitap khanate or the golden horde in western Siberia imposed Its authority to the Russian principalities and came to threaten Byzantium, weakened by the Rebellion of the Princes of Moscow, definitively lost control over Moscow in 1480 and was divided

Into the Canat of Ka Astrakhan and Crimea, the last of which managed to resist Russian expansionism until the end. of the 17th century the final decline of Mongol power in China would begin during the reign of Togon Temur in which there were widespread unrest that often took the form

Of local rebellions against the Mongol authorities the reasons for this development were mainly economic the situation of the peasantry was desperate in many areas small farmers and tenants had to bear excessive taxes and customs duties arbitrariness of Mongolian nobles and officials caused

General resentment among all Chinese It seems that the Mongolian ruling class was never able to establish satisfactory relations with the agricultural population of china in the southeastern agricultural provinces M the richest and therefore most ruthlessly exploited region of the entire Empire the rebellions

Were particularly numerous when the lines of communication between the north and the south were cut by the rebellions the situation in the Capital became precarious, paper money became worthless and the treasury was soon gradually depleted. More and more educated Chinese were

Won over to the cause of the Rebels who in turn learned from them how to approach the problems of administration and war with a Weak economy and beset by localized famines and rebellions the Min dynasty was able to squeeze out of China in 1368.

Eventually the Mongols had become part of the sedentary societies they had conquered so easily which made them susceptible like any other state to takeover. of control by those willing to adopt new ideas and [Music] technologies becoming a Warrior of this nomadic empire meant that

Military service was a way of life for all men over the age of 15 From that age and probably until death They were a Mongolian warrior one of the most successful warriors in ancient history the Mongols began to ride at an early age and hunt As soon as

They could hold a bow both the Mongolian horses and the people were tough, agile and robust with great stamina the warriors Mongols fought under strict discipline and all men were subject to it From the great generals to the soldier the lowest rank the training regimen discipline leadership and excellent intelligence made the

Mongol army an invincible force the Mongol army had an order Henis wanted his army to be loyal to him not to his tribal leaders he divided the tribes when he assigned men to various army units to ensure

That his basic loyalty was to his units and to henis kham he then organized his army by the decimal system in groups of 10 from the smallest unit of 10 warriors a batu to the largest unit a tumen composed of 10,000 Mongol warriors with leaders in each

Level each unit could fight at unit level or in combination with all other units Generally without constant supervision these tumen would become a truly terrifying military power Once stacked to form an imposing ordu the culmination of many tumen the

Mongol warriors were masters of a very small selection of weapons a ranged weapon and a ranged Melee weapon the chosen weapon the compound bow and arrow with this weapon the Mongols were able to maintain a constant attack From a distance eliminate enemies from

Medium to short range and all while riding the burly horses this gave them speed and maneuverability while they shot arrows at close range the Mongol warrior unsheathed the weapon that made them famous The curved saber with this one-handed sword the Mongols could cut on horseback or

On foot the curved blade made that cutting actions were much easier and much more effective and faster than a traditional pushing action before invading an enemy area Henhiskan and his generals made their preparations in the kurultai or military council to say how to conduct the

Impending war and which generals were going to participate in it. While doing so the Mongols exhaustively accumulated how much information they could from their opponents with which the course of hostilities could be calculated from that campaign plan they decided how many troops they were going to need

In hisc he successfully used psychological warfare in many of his battles especially by sowing terror and fear In the towns and cities he always offered his enemies the opportunity to Surrender and pay tribute, but if he was rejected, he invaded and exterminated the towns and cities,

Leaving the engineers alive if he knew it to incorporate them into his army. The Mongols were very good at executing the feigned retreat, perhaps the most difficult open field tactic to achieve, pretending to be disordered and defeated, they fled from the battlefield and when the enemy fell into

The trap and pursued them, they returned and killed them at will. The Mongols generally advanced on a broad front. Five lines deep, the first three lines were made up of horse archers and the last two lines were made up of spearmen. When they located an enemy force,

The Mongols avoided any type of frontal assault, preferring to distract the enemy through skirmishes while the main force of the army sought to flank. or surround the rival, the first thing the Mongols did was attack with their horse archers. These archers

Never ran out of ammunition. They were closely followed by camels loaded with arrows. The Mongol warrior often traveled from one place to another and the Mongol camps They were built around this nomadic lifestyle to survive this lifestyle and based on campaigns

The Mongol warriors used ancient mobile homes known as yurts or as the Mongols called them gers of course the Mongol camps were massive logistical solutions for travel. A traveling ordu essentially a Mongol battle unit that would be made up

Of 30,000 or more Mongol warriors would of course have required much more than 30,000 men to travel they needed additional workers who would have been involved in the logistical aspect of the travels AND would be integral to the success of The Mongol armies this

Mobile home was a simple round construction that provided shelter for the Mongol warrior on the move and would have been built in less than 2 hours. The Mongol horses were a primary source of transportation capable of not only carrying a Mongol warrior but also To

Many packs and bags camels were also popular for slower transportation and able to survive on little water during a long journey in what could be truly difficult climates however horses were still the primary and preferred method of transportation

Stories say that a Mongol warrior traveled with up to 10 horses the Mongols also took livestock with them which provided them with milk meat and sources of food on their travels goats and sheep were commonly used in addition to cows the Mongolian horse was particularly hardy

It adapted perfectly to the steppe Mongol which was their abode and home in the 11th and 14th centuries the Mongol Empire was flourishing and the Mongols in the midst of war needed to ensure they had open lines of communication in all situations Mongol communication was so effective

Because it was driven by a Mongolian message or supply route known as a yam a yam in Mongol times was essentially a system of relay stations used by Mongol horsemen to transfer messages quickly and efficiently to make a

Mongol messenger you had to be willing to ride as the wind to travel long distances without rest or sleep upon arriving at a city or settlement a Mongolian messenger was treated with great respect such was the importance of the message system due to their speed these horse messengers would often

Be called by the nickname messengers arrow the Mongols also had something revolutionary in war the stirrups allowed riders to balance more easily the Mongols were able to ride without hands and could only balance by relying on the stirrups as they were able to stay on the horse turn and make

Quick movements the Mongols became quickly became the most feared horsemen in the world, although we cannot say when stirrups were invented or who used them first. It is known that the Mongols used stirrups and thanks to this wonderful invention they built an empire.

The Mongols had stirrups made of both leather and metal. All members of the army had to be unconditionally loyal to each other and above all loyal to the dog if a soldier fled from danger in the middle of battle both he and his nine companions were sentenced to

Death, also if a general fled abandoning his troops. He was harshly punished at the Imperial court with exile despite the often difficult nature of life under the Mongol Empire and Henhiskan warriors lived by a code that ignored fear and instead

Placed honor and bravery at the forefront. Their ability to endure tortuous journeys, spending days without food or water and always charging into battle without hesitation made them some of the toughest and most impressive warriors of all time, leaving a deep and lasting legacy in the records of history.

El Imperio Mongol (1206-1368) fue fundado por Genghis Khan primer Gran Khan o “gobernante universal” de los pueblos mongoles. Genghis forjó el imperio uniendo tribus nómadas de la estepa asiática y creando un ejército devastadoramente eficaz con una caballería rápida, ligera y altamente coordinada. Con el tiempo, el imperio dominó Asia desde el Mar Negro hasta la península de Corea.

Los mongoles, expertos jinetes y arqueros, demostraron ser imparables en Asia Central y más allá, derrotando a ejércitos en Irán, Rusia, Europa del Este , China y muchos otros lugares. Los descendientes de Genghis gobernaron cada uno una parte del imperio: los cuatro kanatos, el más poderoso de los cuales fue la dinastía mongol Yuan en China (1271-1368), establecida por Kublai Khan

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